Appendix 1

Methodology by Awards Results

The previous studies have analyzed the funding data collected and presented the results by dividing funding commitments from each donor evenly across the number of award years to estimate investment across the years. This study has done the same in the main results section but provides another analysis and presentation of the data using a different format. Instead of splitting funding commitments across the duration of the project years, this section shows the total value of each award only within the year the award was given.

Utilizing Methodology by Awards, since 2013 the past three studies have documented more than US$6.4 billion dollars of non-reimbursable grants that have been approved for Amazon conservation and sustainable development coming from bilateral and multilateral agencies, foundations, international environmental NGOs, and private sector companies.

Key takeaways from the 2020-2022 analysis reveal:

• Donors approved US$1.8 billion in grants to promote and strengthen conservation efforts in the Amazon.
• Norway was the largest funder in this period approving $281 million in new grants, followed by the GCF with $273 million in new grants (the bulk of that sum being used to support the Amazon Bioeconomy Fund as well as Colombia for climate change adaptation in agricultural production systems), and Germany, which approved $272 million in new grants.
• Private foundations represent significant conservation funders, accounting for 28 percent of total donations during the 2020-2022 period in large part due to the Bezos Earth Fund, which approved over US$150 million in the time period.
• International NGOs received close to a third of the overall funding (32 percent), representing the largest recipient, followed by the private sector/entrepreneurs at 21 percent, and national governments at 20 percent.
• The greatest proportion of funding was directed to initiatives to create and improve the management of protected areas (US$276 million). The second largest portion of funding went to Other strategies²⁴ (US$253 million), with many of the projects for this selection supporting the Amazon Bioeconomy Fund, followed by Indigenous Peoples and lands (US$171 million).
• Overall, the total value of all grants approved in a given year has fluctuated year-to-year, with peaks tending to happen every three to five years. The years 2013, 2016, and 2021 represent the largest grant approval years with US$893 million, US$965 million, and US$749 million, respectively, awarded in new grants those years – see Figure 12.

Aggregate Conservation Funding by Recipient Country

From 2020-2022, Brazil received the largest amount of overall funding, representing 34 percent of total funding, followed by Colombia and Peru at 21 percent and 20 percent respectively – see Figure 13. Over the current study period, Venezuela received over US$2 million, representing less than 1 percent of total funding.

Donors

Over the most recent study period from 2020 to 2022, donors approved US$1.8 billion in non-reimbursable grants for conservation in the Amazon - see Figure 14. Of that amount, over 60 percent was given by just five donors. Norway, GCF, and Germany approved close to half of the overall funding in the region, at US$281 million, US$273 million, and US$272 million, respectively. USA financing accounted for 8 percent of all conservation funding at US$156 million. The Bezos Earth Fund emerged as a new top funder during this study period with grant approvals close to US$151 million, representing 8 percent of total funding.

Funding by Type of Donor Agency

For the 2020-2022 period bilateral contributions represented 49 percent of the total funding approved, while private foundations made up 28 percent, multilateral institutions 20 percent, and international NGOs 3 percent – see Figure 15.

Funding by Grantee

A breakdown of donor grant approvals by type of primary grantee demonstrates that international NGOs received the largest proportion of funding at 32 percent during the current study period as shown in Figure 16, followed by the private sector/entrepreneurs at 21 percent (in large part due to the Amazon Bioeconomy Fund which channels money to private enterprises), national governments at 20 percent, and national/local NGOs at 17 percent. “Other” entities, subnational governments, academic institutions, research institutions, and Indigenous entities together received the remaining 10 percent of conservation and management funding.

Allocations across Conservation and Sustainable Management Strategies

This fourth study period (2020-2022) shows a donor focus on protected areas creation/management, Other strategies, and Indigenous Peoples and lands - see Figure 17. The selection of Other reflects the many grants focused on bioeconomy, such as the GCF’s grant to the IDB to set up the Amazon Bioeconomy Fund. Since bilateral and multilateral investments often involve large amounts of money geared toward one strategy, the strategies they tag their projects to tend to drive the strategic focus of the projects overall.

Appendix 2

BRIEFS ON PARTICIPATING DONORS

AMAZON FUND. The Amazon Fund is a REDD+ mechanism created to raise donations for non-reimbursable investments in efforts to prevent, monitor and combat deforestation, as well as to promote the preservation and sustainable use in the Brazilian Amazon. The Amazon Fund is managed by the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), which is responsible for raising and investing funds, monitoring the projects supported, rendering accounts and communicating results obtained.

ANDES AMAZON FUND (AAF). To protect natural landscapes with rich or unique biodiversity in the Andes and the Amazon regions. Support the creation and expansion of protected areas and the legal recognition of indigenous lands with an integrated approach where nature and local peoples can flourish.

BELGIUM (Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation). The Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation is the cornerstone of Belgium’s international policy. Through active diplomacy, it promotes the interests of Belgium and its citizens all over the world. Contributes to a safe, just and sustainable world, based on shared values, human rights and international rules.

BEZOS EARTH FUND. The Earth Fund was created by a commitment of $10 billion from Jeff Bezos in 2020 to be disbursed as grants to address climate and nature within the current decade.

BOBOLINK FOUNDATION. To advance conservation and stewardship of biodiversity through the protection of natural areas, education, and building local constituencies for nature.

CANADA (GLOBAL AFFAIRS). We define, shape and advance Canada’s interests and values in a complex global environment. We manage diplomatic relations, promote international trade and provide consular assistance. We lead international development, humanitarian, and peace and security assistance efforts. We also contribute to national security and the development of international law.

C. S. MOTT FOUNDATION. Charles Stewart Mott was an automotive pioneer, community leader and philanthropist who cared about innovation, a just society and the strength of communities. Today, Mott Foundation employees in four offices in the U.S., England and South Africa continue his work on a global scale. By supporting nonprofits dedicated to civil society, education, the environment and our hometown of Flint, we aim to strengthen what Mr. Mott called “the capacity for accomplishment.”

CHILDREN’S INVESTMENT FUND FOUNDATION (CIFF). CIFF is an independent philanthropic organisation, working with a range of partners seeking to transform the lives of children and adolescents. Our programmes are designed to support bold ideas to solve seemingly intractable problems.

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (CI). Since 1987, Conservation International has combined fieldwork with innovations in science, policy and finance to secure the critical benefits that nature provides to humanity.

CAF. We are a development bank committed to improving the quality of life for all Latin Americans and Caribbeans. Our actions promote sustainable development and regional integration. We aim to convert ourselves into the green and blue bank, and the one responsible for the economic and social reactivation of the region. We offer advice and financial support to the public and private sectors of our shareholder countries. In addition, we generate knowledge to strengthen public policies in Latin America and the Caribbean to improve the quality and impact of the projects we promote.

CRITICAL ECOSYSTEM PARTNERSHIP FUND (CEPF). The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund was founded in 2000 to empower civil society in developing countries and transitional economies to protect the world’s biodiversity hotspots, which are some of Earth’s most biologically rich yet threatened terrestrial ecosystems. The fund is a joint program of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the European Union, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan and the World Bank.

DENMARK (MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS). Denmark’s development policy aims to combat fighting poverty through promotion of human rights and economic growth. Danida has responsibility for the planning, implementation and quality assurance of Denmark’s development cooperation.

EAGLEMERE FOUNDATION. Eaglemere Foundation focuses primarily on environmental conservation with secondary attention to improving global health and combating injustice. We fund organizations large and small, global and local, that work toward those ends. Eaglemere seeks out organizations that pursue a pragmatic, science-based, multi-stakeholder approach and that cooperate and collaborate with other organizations, governments, businesses and individuals.

FORD FOUNDATION. We believe in the inherent dignity of all people. But around the world, too many people are excluded from the political, economic, and social institutions that shape their lives. In addressing this reality, we are guided by a vision of social justice—a world in which all individuals, communities, and peoples work toward the protection and full expression of their human rights; are active participants in the decisions that affect them; share equitably in the knowledge, wealth, and resources of society; and are free to achieve their full potential. Across eight decades, our mission has been to reduce poverty and injustice, strengthen democratic values, promote international cooperation, and advance human achievement.

FOREST CARBON PARTNERSHIP FACILITY (FCPF). The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, the sustainable management of forests, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries, activities commonly referred to as REDD+. The FCPF works with 47 developing countries across Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, along with 17 donors that have made contributions and commitments totaling $1.3 billion. The FCPF supports REDD+ efforts through its Readiness and Carbon Funds.

FRANCE (Agence Française de Développement -AFD and French Facility for Global Environment-FFEM). The Agence Française de Développement Group finances, supports and accelerates the transition to a fairer and more sustainable world. Peace, climate change, health, education: our teams are involved in more than 4,200 projects, which are having a major impact in 150 countries and French overseas departments. We contribute to the commitment of France and the French people to the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals across the developing world. The French Facility for Global Environment (FFEM) has been working to reconcile the conservation of the environment and sustainable development in developing and emerging countries. For nearly 30 years, it encourages innovative initiatives and pilot projects that respond to global environment challenges and aim for environmental, social, and economic benefits. Its objective is to test solutions and learn lessons from them, and then to facilitate their dissemination and deployment in other places and/or on a broader scale. The distinctive features of the FFEM are innovation and replicability of action.

FUNDACION AVINA. Fundación Avina is a global organization that drives processes designed to change systems. Rooted in the global South, we impact the world through collaborative efforts that foster human dignity and care for the planet.

GCF. The GCF – a critical element of the historic Paris Agreement - is the world’s largest climate fund, mandated to support developing countries raise and realize their Nationally Determined Contributions ambitions towards low-emissions, climate-resilient pathways.

GEF. The GEF is a family of funds dedicated to confronting biodiversity loss, climate change, pollution, and strains on land and ocean health. Its grants, blended financing, and policy support help developing countries address their biggest environmental priorities and adhere to international environmental conventions. Over the past three decades, the GEF has provided more than $23 billion and mobilized $129 billion in co-financing for more than 5,000 national and regional projects.

GERMANY (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety -BMUV and Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development - BMZ). The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV) is responsible for a range of government policies that are reflected in the name of the ministry itself. The ministry has been working over 30 years to protect the public from environmental toxins and radiation, to promote the wise and efficient use of raw materials, to advance climate action and to ensure that natural resources are used in a way that protects the diversity of animal and plant species and preserves their habitats. The Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) carries out a multitude of tasks. These include planning and programming German development cooperation, cooperating with civil society and the private sector, cooperating with partner countries and with multilateral organisations, and carrying out development information and education work.

GORDON AND BETTY MOORE FOUNDATION (GBMF). To create positive outcomes for future generations, via fostering path-breaking scientific discovery, environmental conservation, patient care improvements and preservation of the special character of the San Francisco Bay Area.

INSTITUTO ARAPYAÚ. Arapyaú was born in 2008 inspired by the belief that philanthropy can be a force for social, environmental and economic well-being. We believe in collaboration as the only way of confronting complex contemporary challenges. We value dialogue and seek to link different initiatives and sectors – social, private, public and academia – for the collective construction of innovative solutions. Within philanthropy our field of action is private social investment. We identify opportunities and voluntarily channel funds and strategic resources to organizations, networks and projects engaged in promoting sustainable development. We value long-term commitment and the measurement of results. We seek to strengthen collective initiatives that have great potential to transform society. We are part of Maraé, a group made up of companies, non-profit and impact investment organizations in essence committed to sustainability in all its dimensions.

INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (IDB). With a history of results dating to 1959, we work to improve the quality of life of millions of people in our 26 borrowing countries. We have 48 member countries. We provide financial and technical support to national and sub-national governments and other entities in the region and conduct cutting-edge research. That is how we drive progress in health, education, infrastructure, climate action and diversity, among other fundamental issues, to reduce poverty and improve lives in our region. Working with our member countries, our goal is sustainable and inclusive development in the region.

INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION FUND OF CANADA (ICFC). ICFC is Canada’s leading international conservation organization. Since 2007, we have been partnering on projects with local conservation organizations in Latin America, Africa and Asia. They know best what needs doing and how to go about it. Our work is science based and we are committed to engaging local communities and securing lasting conservation gains in priority areas.

MARGARET A. CARGILL PHILANTHROPIES (MACP). Supports efforts to enhance quality of life and prevent and relieve suffering of children, families, and older adults; preserve and promote the environment and the arts; and encourage the humane treatment of animals.

NETHERLANDS (MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the channel through which the Dutch Government communicates with foreign governments and international organisations. It coordinates and carries out Dutch foreign policy. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs works hard for Dutch nationals and for Dutch interests and values around the world. Together with other countries, we work to tackle global challenges.

NORWAY (NORWAY´S INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE AND FOREST INITIATIVE-NICFI, THE NORWEGIAN AGENCY FOR DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION -NORAD). The Norwegian government launched NICFI in 2008, and the initiative has pledged up to 3 billion NOK a year to help save the world’s tropical forests while improving the livelihoods of those who live there. NICFI is administered by the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and the Environment in collaboration with Norad – The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. The initiative supports bilateral agreements with forest countries, multinational organizations and civil society. Norad manages significant parts of the NICFI funds under the climate and forest initiative on behalf of the Ministry, and is responsible for the initiative’s grant scheme for civil society.

OAK FOUNDATION. Oak Foundation commits its resources to address issues of global, social, and environmental concern, particularly those that have a major impact on the lives of the disadvantaged. Through our grant-making, we support others to make the world a safer, fairer, and more sustainable place to live.

OPEN SOCIETY FOUNDATIONS. The Open Society Foundations, founded by George Soros, are the world’s largest private funder of independent groups working for justice, democratic governance, and human rights. We approach this mission through the illuminating principles of justice, equity, and expression—defining characteristics of any truly open society.

PACKARD FOUNDATION. We work with people and communities to create enduring solutions for just societies and a healthy, resilient natural world.

QUADRATURE CLIMATE FOUNDATION. Our mission is to unlock the critical solutions needed to avert and manage the worst climate impacts especially for the most vulnerable people and ecosystems. We take a science-based approach to investing across the full suite of climate solutions – reducing greenhouse gas emissions, finding and scaling ways to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, and managing current and inevitable climate change impacts. We focus on pragmatism without losing sight of ambition – a just climate transition requires a “big tent” approach that finds and champions leaders, and also brings others along.

RAINFOREST TRUST. Rainforest Trust saves endangered wildlife and protects our planet by creating rainforest reserves through partnerships, community engagement and donor support.

RE:WILD. Founded by a group of renowned conservation scientists together with Leonardo DiCaprio and combining more than 35 years of conservation impact, Re:wild is a force multiplier that brings together Indigenous peoples, local communities, influential leaders, nongovernmental organizations, governments, companies, and the public to protect and rewild at the scale and speed we need.

SWEDEN (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency). Sida is Sweden’s government agency for development cooperation. We strive to reduce poverty and oppression around the world. In cooperation with organisations, government agencies and the private sector we invest in sustainable development for all people.

SWIFT FOUNDATION. Swift Foundation supports peoples who protect the places they live, love, know, and share with all our relations.

SWITZERLAND (State Secretariat for Economic Affairs). The Economic Cooperation and Development division is part of the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). It contributes to achieving the strategic objectives of Switzerland’s foreign economic policy. The division engages with many different partner organisations at a bilateral and multilateral level, thereby making use of the expertise on economic and trade policy within SECO and the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research. It uses this knowledge in specific areas of development cooperation, for instance in the fields of economic, trade and labour market policy.

THE NATURE CONSERVANCY (TNC). The Nature Conservancy is a global environmental nonprofit working to create a world where people and nature can thrive.

TINKER FOUNDATION. To promote the development of an equitable, sustainable, and productive society in Latin America, by providing funding to organizations working to address the region’s most pressing challenges.

UK (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs-DEFRA, Department for Energy Security and Net Zero- DESNZ, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office-FCDO). DEFRA is responsible for improving and protecting the environment. We aim to grow a green economy and sustain thriving rural communities. We also support our world-leading food, farming and fishing industries. DESNZ secures our long-term energy supply, brings down bills and halves inflation. FCDO safeguards the UK’s security, defends our values, reduces poverty and tackles global challenges with our international partners.

USA (US Agency for International Development -USAID, US Fish and Wildlife Service - USFWS, and US Forest Service - USFS). USAID works to promote and demonstrate democratic values abroad, and advance a free, peaceful, and prosperous world. In support of America’s foreign policy, USAID leads the U.S. Government’s international development and disaster assistance through partnerships and investments that save lives, reduce poverty, strengthen democratic governance, and help people emerge from humanitarian crises and progress beyond assistance, while protecting, restoring, and enhancing the world’s diverse wildlife and their habitats. The mission of the USFWS is working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants, and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The mission of the USFS is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the Nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.

WORLD BANK GROUP. With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries. The World Bank Group is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries. Its five institutions share a commitment to reducing poverty, increasing shared prosperity, and promoting sustainable development.

WORLD WILDLIFE FUND (WWF). Our vision is to build a future in which people live in harmony with nature. To deliver this mission, we work to conserve and restore biodiversity, the web that supports all life on Earth; to reduce humanity’s environmental footprint; and to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources to support current and future generations.

WYSS FOUNDATION. The Wyss Foundation is a private, charitable foundation dedicated to supporting innovative, lasting solutions that improve lives, empower communities, and strengthen connections to the land. To confront the global conservation crisis, the Wyss Foundation launched a $1.5 billion campaign, called the Wyss Campaign for Nature.

Appendix 3

DONORS FROM 2007-2012 GBMF STUDY

Table 5 shows the participants included in the 2007-2012 study on international conservation funding in the Amazon (Castro de la Mata and Riega-Campos, 2014). Data from these organizations are not included in the online data tool because the project-level data was not available – only the aggregated data shown in the first study was available.

Appendix 4

DONORS FROM 2013-2015 GBMF STUDY

Table 6 shows the participants from the 2013-2015 study (Strelneck and Vilela, 2017). Data from these organizations are included in the online data tool.

Appendix 5

DONORS FROM THE 2016-2019 ASL STUDY

Table 7 shows the participants from the 2016-2019 study (Hoover El Rashidy, 2021). Data from these organizations are included in the online data tool.